Air Canada Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Air Canada - Case Study Example One of the ways shows that a section of politicians preferred to support the management in order to prevent to control the actions of the workers (Organization behavior). Another level of influence suggests that the political order was largely conditioned by the desire by the politicians to protect the interests of the workers from the bad policies of the political establishment. In 2011, there was conflict between the union and the management and the union members against the government. The best solution was to hold negotiations and identify the root cause of the conflict hence address the issue comprehensively. In the new labor agreement negotiations, there were negotiation errors made by Air Canada Management that can be explained in terms of its omission of specific matters that touched on the welfare of the flight attendants. The management did not directly address the concerns of the flight attendants with regard to pensions and compensations. The conflict that ensued was mainly caused by the rigidness of the parties involved. In this particular negotiation the management should have demonstrated their willingness to create better standards for their attendants and incorporate the aspect of motivation and trust. In any negotiations, success or failure is determined by how the parties involved in the conflicts balance their priorities in line with the situation at hand (Berkowitz).Case analyses have shown that the use of legal or structural coercion to force certain objectives is not sustainable and usually heightens the levels of conflict. Mills, Albert J, Mills, Jean Helms. "Masculinity and the Making of Trans-Canada Air Lines, 1937-1940: A Feminist Poststructuralist Account." Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (March 2006.):

Arthur Young Essay Example for Free

Arthur Young Essay Documents 1-2: How do the grievances noted by Arthur Young compare to those expressed in the Cahiers? The grievances noted by Arthur Young are focused more on the humanitarian needs of the French people during the late 1780’s. When looking at the document of September 2, 1788 Young mentions that there is an uproar over the high price of bread. There are many obstacles that a society can overcome, but when they are being starved and treated unjustly over humanitarian needs such as food, then there is a high possibility that they will revolt at any cost. There are also many similarities in both Young’s observances and the Cahiers. Both Young’s observances and the Cahiers note that the people are discontent with the fact that the First Estate made up of the clergy, and Second Estate made up of the nobility, are treated so well compared to the Third estate which included everyone from banker to lawyer and even the peasants. Therefore even though France was more revolutionary than any other country at the time, the disparity in classes between the rich and the poor was extremely obvious. Why might these grievances be revolutionary? And, in what ways are they peculiar to the Third Estate only and not the First and Second Estates? The grievances proposed by the Cahiers are extremely revolutionary. In fact you can see that these ideas seem oddly familiar because they exist today in our own constitution of the United States. One of the most famous ideas is proposed in idea 14, which states that freedom should be granted to the press. This idea is revolutionary because it would allow the people of France to freely express their discontents with the government and spread information freely throughout the country without the fear of being punished. Another great idea proposed by the Cahiers was the fact that all taxes should be assessed on the same system throughout the nation. It was imperative that the Third estate made this clear because even though they were the poorest, they were the ones being charged with the heaviest taxes. It was also interesting that the Cahiers brought up the fact that certain positions in offices and ranks should be granted to anyone who was qualified for the job, not just the nobility or based on heredity. This was revolutionary because it must have compelled many more people in France to obtain an education and strive for a better life because they were being granted opportunities. Documents 3-4: Based on your reading of these excerpts, what were the worst abuses of factory labor and the causes of poor working and health conditions? Right away what captures the readers attention is that the medical examiner is claiming that children as young as five years old were being sent to work as long as eleven hours a day. This idea is just unimaginable to most people because a five year old is hardly old enough to take care of himself, let alone maintain a job that requires him to work for eleven hours a day. It is just painful to hear that these children spent their childhoods working in the factories and as a result their growth was stunted, their bone development was compromised, and their health was so poor compared to children not working in factories. The testimony of John Wright really puts everything into perspective because it’s a first hand account of his life working in the factories since he was a six year old. The fact that he worked the same hours then, to the hours he worked as an adult just shows how despicable the working conditions were in the factories. Just like the medical examiner he also explained that the children who grew up in these working factories suffered many health complications, some even became crippled due to over exhaustion. According to Engels, how did such an environment affect the poor mentally as well as physically? Engels believed that the scandalous environment in which the poor were forced to live in was a result of continuous mistreatment from the upper classes. He claims that the poor were basically treated like animals, hoarded from the country in to the city, and forced to work ungodly hours in order to keep up with the demands of industrialization. Then the poor were forced to live in cramped quarters where no proper sanitation systems existed, and even clean drinking water was a luxury. Engels explains that because so many people were cramped into such small rooms for such a long period of time the air quality was severely polluted and this caused many health problems. Engels brings up many good points by questioning how the upper classes ever expected the poor to stay healthy or even humane when their conditions were beyond poor. The fact that the poor were always subjected to extremes of hopes and fears really threw most people over the edge. They had no choice but to be mentally unstable because of the conditions they lived in. They were constantly living for survival in the most disgusting conditions while the rich got richer due to their hard work. Document #5: These maps reveal something about connections between population density, urbanization, and the industrializing process. What do these maps tell us about these connections? What might some of the social consequences of these connections be? The maps explain that as industrialization grew, and urbanization grew, more and more people started to move into the cities in hopes of finding opportunities for work and better living standards. You can see that the first map of the population density in England in 1801 seems quite dispersed compared to the population density of England in 1851. Also you can see from the map of England in 1851 that there was a huge population boom in between those 50 years. When looking at the map of concentration of Industry in England in 1851 then it is clear that people moved from the countryside to the larger cities that were the heart of industrialization. Engle best described the social consequences of the changes from 1801 to 1851 in such a short period of time in the previously discussed documents. With overpopulation cities got more crowded and the living quality in these cities steadily decreased. The environment was affected tremendously due to the cluster of factories and misuse by the overpopulation. Disease was more prominent because it was easier to spread in unsanitary and overpopulated areas. When employment opportunities arise, people will surely flock to them, especially the poor. This was just the case in England during the industrialization. Sadly what people failed to realize is that their quality of life would greatly decrease rather than increase due to the mass overpopulation.

Effect of Vermiwash on Crop Growth Performance

Effect of Vermiwash on Crop Growth Performance GROUP MEMBERS: Introduction Panchagavya is an organic formulation, which is prepared out of unique combination of five products of cow viz., cow milk, curd, ghee, urine and fresh dung at appropriate quantities collected from lactating heifers. It is an organic plant liquid fertilizer. It is organic growths that act as a stimulant for all types of plants, milk producing animals such as cow and goat. Panchagavya is also a traditional method, used to safeguard plants and soil micro-organisms and to increase plant production. Panchagavya application is found to be more profitable than recommended fertilizer application and chemical spray. The modified versions used for organic farming have been standardized by experimental trials. The market demand for organic produce gave further momentum to the organic movement, and eventually sporadic attempts have been made to detoxify the land, dispense with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides, and grow crops organically. There was no organic substitute for these chemicals, yet the cause of organic agriculture picked up momentum. The current global scenario firmly emphasizes the need to adopt eco-friendly agricultural practices for sustainable agriculture. Chemical agriculture has made an adverse impact on the health-care of not only soil but also the beneficial soil microbial communities and the plants cultivated in these soils. This eventually has lead to a high demand for organic produce by the present-day health conscious society and sporadic attempts are being made by farmers all over the world to detoxify the land by switching over to organic farming dispensing with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides and herbicides. Organic manure replaced chemical fertilizers, herbal extracts replaced pesticides and fungicides, but nothing was available to replace growth promoting hormones and immunity boosters for plants. The organic system was imperfect and continued to be incomplete for want of an input to replace growth- promo ting hormones and immunity boosters, to maximize the efficiency of cultivated crops and coordinate the process leading to sustained higher productivity. Materials 5 kg of cow dung 3 liters of cow’s urine I liter ghee 3 liters coconut water 2 liters milk 2 liters curd 3 kg molasses 12 bananas Preparation Method The cow dung was weighted and divided into two which consist only 2.5 kg. After that, the cow urine also been measured into 1.5 liters each. Later, the ghee was weighted to 500 ml. The ingredients was mixed in the 2 drum tongs and leave at the shady area without covered for 3 days After 3 days, the remained ingredient was added. The coconut water was measured into 1.5 ml each and mixed into 2 drum tongs. After that, 1 liter milk and curd was measured and added to each tongs. Later, 1.5 kg molasses was weighted and added. The molasses was a replacement for sugarcane juice. Last but not least, the 6 bananas were smashed and added into the tongs. All the ingredient was mixed thoroughly and carefully mixed for about 10 days. After 10 days, the panchagavya mixed had be diluted with water and can be sprayed to the plant. The diluted panchagavya was sprayed twice a day, in the morning and at evening. The dilution ratio: 3 liters of panchagavya: 97 liters water = 100 liters diluents Discussion Benefits Increases immunity of plants and other living organisms to fight diseases; cures already infested plants and other living organisms Stimulates growth of plants with more branches Sustains drought conditions Increases yield. Panchagavya for animal health Panchagavya is a living elixir of many micro organisms, bacteria, fungi, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, known and unknown growth promoting factors micronutrients trace elements antioxidant and immunity enhancing factors. When taken orally by animals and human beings, the living micro organisms in the Panchagavya stimulate the immune system and produce lot of antibodies against the ingested microorganisms. It acts like vaccine. This response of the body increases the immunity of animals and humans and thus helps to prevent illness and cures disease. It slows down the aging process and restores youthfulness. The other factors present in Panchagavya improve apetite, digestion and assimilation and elimination of toxins in the body. Constipation is totally cured. Thus the animals and humans become hale and healthy with shining hair and skin. The weight gains are impressive. Effect of Panchakavya Leaf Plants sprayed with Panchagavya invariably produce bigger leaves and develop denser canopy. The photosynthetic system is activated for enhanced biological efficiency, enabling synthesis of maximum metabolites and photosynthesis. Stem The trunk produces side shoots, which are sturdy and capable of carrying maximum fruits to maturity. Branching is comparatively high. Roots The rooting is profuse and dense. Further they remain fresh for a long time. The roots spread and grow into deeper layers were also observed. All such roots help maximum intake of nutrients and water. Yield There will be yield depression under normal circumstances, when the land is converted to organic farming from inorganic systems of culture. The key feature of Panchagavya is its efficacy to restore the yield level of all crops when the land is converted from inorganic cultural system to organic culture from the very first year. The harvest is advanced by 15 days in all the crops.It not only enhances the shelf life of vegetables, fruits and grains, but also improves the taste. By reducing or replacing costly chemical inputs, Panchagavya ensures higher profit and liberates the organic farmers from loan. Drought Hardiness A thin oily film is formed on the leaves and stems, thus reducing the evaporation of water. The deep and extensive roots developed by the plants allow withstanding long dry periods. Both the above factors contribute to reduce the irrigation water requirement by 30% and to ensure drought hardiness. References http://indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:johvolume=9issue=4article=004 (referred on 25/5/2015) Manual, P. Book on Panchagavya. 1–37 (referred on 25/5/2015) http://www.sciencepub.net/american/am0602/07_1124_paper_am0602.pdf (referred on 25/5/2015) http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093352911.html;jsessionid=E59D6E1B15DE2A342D36EF7BA3EAED0B (referred on 25/5/2015) http://panchagavya.in/ (referred on 25/5/2015) Vermiwash Introduction Vermiwas is a watery extract of compost, collected after water had passed down through several layers of waste in a barrel or container and also through a column of worm action which is very useful to crop producers. Furthermore, it is actually a collection of earthworm’s mucus secreation, excretory products together with micronutrients from the soil organic molecules. Physical characteristics of vermiwash is that it will appear as clear, transparent, pale yellow fluid provided it was collected properly. Sometimes it will turn to be honey-brown colour which is also commonly used in the agriculture field. Earthworms are the main agent that helps fasten the process of decomposting and reduce the period for the vermiwash to be ready. Main reason on why earthworms are being used is due to the coelomic fluid in their body which helps keeping the body wet and are always secreted by their body. Vermiwash originally derives from the coelomic fluid which was released by the earthworm a nd Coelomicites, Granulocites and Limphoidocites cells were found to be present in the coelomic fluid. Advantages of having those 3 cells are that it facilitates wound healing in earthworms and provide immune power to them. They are found to be protected from diseases caused pathogen due to the failure of pathogens in surviving in that fluid. Having added earthworms in the vermiwash helps decomposing organic matter and turning nutrients into a form available to plants. Earthworms fed on decaying plant and soil where they digest it and excrete it. Liquid consisting of nutriets such as calcium, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus are the excretion matter by the earthworms. this liquid makes up vermiwash hence helping plant to be able to absorb it. Objective To study the effect of applying vermiwash on the growth performance of the crop. Material and apparatus Barrel 100L Broken bricks Thick sand Earthworms Cowdung + soil + hay Cow urine Sprinkler Tap water Filter paper/ muslin cloth Procedure A barrel that can withhold 10 to 100 litres of liquid that comes intact with an outlet for the collection of vermiwash was prepared. In the barrel, different layers were placed from the bottom till the top . The first most layer which was placed at the base of the barrel was the washed and broken pieces of bricks which was prepared as a layer of 25 perccent length. After that, a layer of 25 percent of washed thick sand was added on the first layer. The third layer would be the cowdung soil and hay layer which were added on the thick sand layer. Next, tap water was used to spray on the layer bed and the wash off water will pass through the outlet of the barrel. The 5th procedure was then continued for around 2 to 3 days so that more wastes were washed out. Then, a species of earthworms were introduced into the side soil layer of 40-50 sq. ft and 10 percent layer of cowdung was added before the barrel was closed or covered using filter paper or muslin cloth. The sprayed water from above that had passed through perforated mud or metal pot with the capacity of 5 litre was collected from the bottom of the barrel. Finally, the vermiwash was ready to be used where it is suggested to use either as it is or by diluting it with water or 10 percent cow’s urine. Discussion Physic-chemical characteristics After the success production of vermiwash, the physic-chemical characteristics of the vermiwash can be measured. It is better to measure because it can determine or proves that the vermiwash that had been prepared manually have the correct range of physic-chemical characteristics. The first characteristics is the pH where it is normally around pH 6.9. the dissolved oxygen reading would be 1.14 ppm whereas its alkalinity is around 70.00 ppm. Other than that, vermiwash have 110.00 ppm levels for chloride and 177.00 ppm for sulfates content. Besides that, it had been recorded in previous study that the reading for inorganic phosphate was around 50.9 mg/l ahile its ammonical nitrogen was around 2.00 ppm. Furthermore, it had 69.00 level for potassium and 122.00 ppm for sodium content in the vermiwash. Application of Vermiwash The common practice to apply vermiwash can be either by pouring it onto the soil at the base of the plant or it can be sprayed at the leaves of the plant. It had been said that by spraying it onto the leaves, the epidermis of the leaves will be strengther or stronger thus decreasing the level of damage that had been caused by aphids and penetrating fungal spores. In large farms that had been practicing irrigation method as part of their water management for the crop, they can apply vermiwash using irrigation method for example in the drip system. Effect Of Vermiwash On The Quality and Yield Of Crops According to a recent findings, antibacterial properties can be found in the coelomic fluid produced by the earthworm body. previous studies had shown that the quality and quantity of yield had improved remarkablely after vermiwash was sprayed on the vegetables. Furthermore, even the foliage of the crop turned dense green in 2 to 3 days. Karuna et al. (1999) had studied on two different concentrations of vermiwash of Eudrilus eugeniae which was sprayed on anthuriums to study its effect. Findings of the study showed that the most effective percentage of vermiwash to be used was 50 percent which is good in inducing vegetative growth such as number of suckers, length, breadth of leaves, length of petiole and develop early flowering in plants. Next study done by Balam (2002) on biopesticidal properties of vermiwash produced using cowdung and vegetable wastes by inoculating earthworm species (E. foetida) in the laboratory also to determine the effect of using the vermiwash on cowpea for v mildew disease. Findings from the study showed that usage of 20 percent to 30 percent of vermiwash will cause the inhibition of mycelial growth of pathogenic test fungi. Vermicompost and vermiwash were proven to be able to control disease powdery mildew at 75.14 % rate when applied. On the other hand, another effective treatment was combining vermicompost, vermiwash and 10 % cow urine which said to be able to control disease at 73.37 % rate. Conclusion As a conclusion, there are many things found around us that can be turned into something useful for us humans. Daily, human produces many waste either at home, farm production and other activities. All those waste which were once simply being thrown away in the river, on empty land, and other places on earth that ends up polluting the environment can now be make use of. Methods had been discovered on how and what to be done with those waste that can benefits us all either by suppling nutrients to the soil or crop which is environmental friendly, made without a single harmful chemical, nutritious and more importantly, cheap to be produced compared by using the chemical fertilizer, pesticide, fungicide and others. The usage of worms which was known to be useful in the degradation of stuff helps in vermicomposting thus vermiwash. Proves can be found in journals and books done by researches that approves the usage of vermiwash which was said to be more beneficial towards producers, crops , soil and not to forget mother nature. Referrences The Complete Technology Book on Vermiculture and Vermicompost By NPCS Board of Consultants Engineers. (referred on 26/5/2015) Text Book Of Applied Zoology By P.V. Jabde. (referred on 26/5/2015) The Complete Technology Book on Vermiculture and Vermicompost By Niir Board. (referred on 26/5/2015) Verms Vermitechnology By Arvind Kumar. (referred on 26/5/2015)

Surveillance and the right of privacy Essay -- Research Surveillance P

Surveillance and the Right of Privacy Introduction to Surveillance: According to Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary, surveillance is defined as a â€Å"close kept watch over someone or something (as by a detective).† Surveillance has been used ever since the days of, â€Å"Follow that cab!† From their primitive state, surveillance techniques and technology have evolved. Policing agencies no longer need to use methods of surveillance such as listening through walls, looking through windows and over fences, and even sifting through a suspect’s garbage. Because of the continuous development of new technology, policing agencies can hear, see, and track almost everyone and everything. As more and more technology is developed, who is to regulate the use of the technology and surveillance? Parabolic Microphones and â€Å"Bionic Ears†- This technology allows a person to amplify sounds (i.e. talking, movement) from a long distance away. For example, a suspect’s conversation can be pinpointed and heard 50 meters away as if the sounds were coming from short distance. Digital Audio Equipment- Digital Audio Equipment allows police agencies to listen and record a phone conversation at any given time. These range from a digital voice stick that can be hidden in a room, or a â€Å"bug† device that can be placed inside a phone (landline or cellular). Night Vision- Night Vision Goggles are electronic devices designed for observing remote objects and orientation at night. Special military, security forces, pilots, paratroopers, security agents and tact ops commandos have used this equipment. Covert and Fixed Cameras- The use of covert cameras allows security and policing agencies to hide cameras, in turn, they would ca... ...rveillance will be ethical is if policing agencies are policed. By making sure that these agencies follow strict codes, this will reduce the amount of unethical uses of surveillance technology. Although this would be the most ethical way to handle this issue, I feel that it would be hard to stop all unethical uses of surveillance. The continuous advancements in surveillance technology will continue to make it more difficult to regulate the use of surveillance. Resources [1]http://www.lkwdpl.org/cffr/polsumm.htm [2]http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/oicd/iscop.htm#1 [3]http://www.alchemind.org/DLL/kyllo1.htm [4]http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2001/0618/cov-main-06-18-01.asp [5]http://www.e-sci.com/genSci/5/1022/1039/10205.html [6]Orloff, Thomas J. Point Of View: A Publication Of The Alameda County District Attorney’s Office. Vol. 29 Number 4, 2001

Are the Concerns over Globalization Justified?

Globalization is one of the most vibrant, contested, and debated issues in modern international relations. Some argue that globalization brings great benefits, while others argue that globalization is fundamentally flawed. Countries in the world today are largely Interconnected, whether through trade relations, cultural exchanges, multinational cooperation on world issues like the environment and natural resources.The term â€Å"globalization† is a process of worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade and communications Integration, where the world becomes ore Interlinked and connected. Whether the concerns over globalization Is Justified or not, questions if the worries of globalization is supported by logical and substantial reasons. As much as globalization has its pros sand cons, I feel that the concerns over globalization are valid.The reason being that globalization results in culture leveling, ethnocentrism, economic disparity, technological disparity, enviro nmental degradation and lastly, unemployment and labor drain One concern of globalization Is culture leveling, where cultures become homogeneous and local culture Is lost. This Is process by which different cultures become increasingly similar to one another, most often as a result of travel and communication. The danger of cultural leveling is that it can erode the traditional cultural practices, beliefs and interests of one group, in favor of another, therefore creating one culture that dominates all others.Due to globalization, countries have been opening up to trade and welcoming foreign investments to their country. Local cultures feel threatened and overwhelmed by foreign products and their associated values Like In the phase of Singapore, there are many foreign investments, such as the all-famous McDonald's. Those foreign eateries are slowly replacing the hawker centre and food courts here, as more people preferred eating at such places compared oat hawker centre and food cou rts. As a result, there is homogeneities of culture, loss of cultural diversity and the erosion of culture.For example, cultural products now make up the second largest United States' export behind aircraft. In 1992, the united States purchased only $288 million in cultural products from the nations of the European Community (SEC) combines, while the SEC nations bought $3. 7 billion in US cultural products. Culture leveling is a serious and long-term problem cause once the cultural sites are gone, It Is difficult or almost Impossible to revive them again. Even If It Is possible to construct similar bulldogs, It may not have the nostalgia feel.Therefore the concern of culture leveling over globalization is Justified. Another concern of globalization Is ethnocentrism whereby we make false assumptions about another culture, can often lead to misinterpretation, prejudice and negative relations between social groups, due to the exchange of cultures encouraged by globalization. Globalizat ion allows people from all over the world to exchange cultures with one another. The problem with this is that there will be increased proximity arising from increased trade, which could lead to conflict because different groups have divergent values, beliefs and norms.As a result, there will be increasing outbursts of violence that run along ethnic and cultural lines. An example is the Samuel Huntington Clash of Civilizations, a theory that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. There are basically six main explanations to his theory. First, differences among civilizations are not only real; they are basic. Civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion.Second, the world is becoming a smaller place. The interactions between peoples of different civilizations are increasing; these increasing interactions intensify civilization consciousness and awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations. Third, the processes of economic modernization and social change throughout the world are separating people from longstanding local identities. They also weaken the nation state as a source of identity. Fourth, the growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced by the dual role of the West.Fifth, cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones. Finally, economic regionalism is increasing. This problem of ethnocentrism might be serious if people continue to differentiate others with their values, beliefs and norms. Tension might build up among the people with different values, beliefs and norms, as they will misunderstand one another thus causing long-term problems because it is unlikely o resolve the conflict overnight and their way of thinking may be negatively influenced by their peers.Therefore, the concern of ethnocentrism over globalization is Justified. The third concern of globalization is economic disparity. Globalization may result in greater economic disparity between the rich and poor, basically the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. This is because the rich seek to benefit themselves; the rich countries are also better equipped (in terms of infrastructure, educational level of their people and amount of capital etcetera) to reap the benefits. One example is the growing concentration and monopolizing of economic resources and power by Multinational Corporations (Macs) and global financial firms.Only 20% of the world population in the developed countries receives 82. 7% of the world income. In 1989, the average income of 20% of the people living in the richest country was 60 times higher than 20% of the people living in the poorest countries. Shockingly, this ration had doubled 30 times from 1950. However, this cannot be blamed on globalization solely becau se the higher income of the rich in less developed or developing countries has not been translated into investment, exulting in unemployment and the growing income disparity. Even if they had done so, this does not narrow the income gap between the two groups significantly.Thus, this problem of income disparity is serious and long-term because countries would only want to speed up the rate of the improvement of their economy so that the parts of the country will be more productive than to improve the less developed parts of the country. Thus, government tends to ignore the poorer parts of the country or improve it at very slow rate, causing the widening of income gap. It also takes a lot of mime and money to narrow the income gap of the rich and poor which would be detrimental to the country's economy. Therefore, the concern of economic disparity over globalization is Justified.Another concern of globalization that should be addressed is the increasing technological disparity betwee n the rich and the poor countries. Globalization may result in greater technological disparity between the rich (e. G. United States of America) and the poor countries (e. G. Africa). The emerging world economy is electronic. Countries will be integrated through info systems and technology. The ore developed countries are better equipped in terms of infrastructure and the educational level to harness the advanced technology. The less developed countries will thus remain on the periphery.For example, Nikkei industry in Vietnam and Thailand tends to be labor intensive and therefore rely on low-tech or less skilled labor Just because they have a lot of labor. But this is not exactly caused by globalization. Different countries have different capacities to adopt technology. Thus, Olds must find their own balance between globalization and use of IT and the pace of trade liberalizing. Many countries suffer from absence of science and technology infrastructure and technology policies. Also , they have poor utilization of available technical manpower.Governments and non-governmental organizations should also step back and allow markets and private sector to play greater role in transfer of technology. The problem of technological disparity is rather serious. Technological disparity is also linked to income disparity, if a country does not have enough incentives and funds, the country is unable to purchase new or more advanced technology, thus the productivity of that particular cannot may not be as efficient as entries who are able to purchase advanced and latest technology to help in their production.Countries that do not have the purchasing ability are most likely the less developed countries or poorer parts of a country while countries that are able to enjoy such blessings of advanced technologies are the more developed countries and the richer parts of a country. Hence the poorer regions will remain poor as their productivity remain low while richer regions continu e to prosper. Thus technological disparity between the rich and poor countries is a long-term problem of liberation, which is Justified.However some may argue that the concerns over globalization are not Justified because the problems can be minimized. Globalization has caused the improvement of technology and transport making transport more convenient and efficient to carry goods and people from one place to another. One example that globalization has improved transportation is the creation of cars. There is an increasing trend in the number of people who owns a car. Cars emit greenhouse gases such as carbon deplete and leading to the increase rate of global warming.Thus with advance genealogy, the catalytic converter was invented to convert those pollutant gases to less harmful gases. But not all countries actually make it compulsory for all cars to instill the catalytic converter in their vehicles unlike Singapore. Hence even if there is this converter to convert harmful gases to less harmful gas, it will not have a large impact on the environment if very few people use that. Greenhouse gas emissions are also caused by rapid industrialization in the developing world and the heavy dependence on fossil fuels. Environmental depletion is also caused by the overuse of sources.This is because there has been a rise in demand and ecosystem removal as a result of population growth. The need for disposable products has caused logging to be on the increase, which result in the excessive deforestation. Once the ozone layer is depleted, it is non-reversible, neither can it be cured. Thus this is a very serious problem and it is long-termed because there is nothing that can be done to reverse the effect of ozone depletion except to slow down the rate of global warming. Therefore environmental degradation is a concern of globalization that can be Justified.

Social Theorists On The Sociology of Science

Social Theorists On The Sociology of Science We as societies are governed by principles, in which are in no doubt, have and are still influencing the way the world and society is being developed. One of the most critical contributors towards this structure would have to be the dynamic field of science or what others such as sociologists would call the study of the scientific method. Although science as a field is in retrospectively speaking a field which rely on having certain objectives and using particular methods to reach those objectives. These objectives are usually explained by using the term theories, in which are put under scrutiny to reach a proven hypotheses. So as far as science is concerned it is in such that each theory or generalisation is concerned passes through a multiple series of events such as experiments, which are repeated over and over to quantify variables, provide techniques of measurement and apply mathematical and statistical methods to the result, and as such the people who introduced these theories are called theorists.Three models of change in scientific theories, dep...So accordingly I will try and introduce you to three of these theorists in the science field and compare and contrast their social theories of science and see how if any of their theories suggest that science is a part of the rationalization process in particular of M.Webers rationalization.The Three theorists in wich I am referring to are R.Merton, B. Barnes and P Feyerabend. Each of these particular individuals as far as we or science is concerned have in no doubt had overwhelming impact on way in which science has evolved and expanded over time. R. Merton or Robert Merton is considered as one of the founding fathers of sociology of science. Merton's special interest is in the mores of science, moral regulations that collectively form the scientific 'etos', constraining the...